1. Nhóm Nguyên nhân, Kết quả & Tác động
Dùng để giải thích lý do, hậu quả
hoặc nguồn gốc của một vấn đề.
- be attributed to sb/sth: Được quy cho / cho là do ai hay cái gì
- at the hands of sb:
Do hành động / tác động của ai gây ra
- bring sth about:
Gây ra / mang lại điều gì
- in the wake of sb/sth:
Ngay sau / nối tiếp sự kiện nào
- in the light of sth:
Căn cứ vào / xem xét thông tin mới
- for that matter:
Về vấn đề đó / cũng vì lý do đó
- given that:
Xét đến việc / vì lý do
Her success can be attributed to hard
work.
The delayed flight was attributed to bad
weather conditions.
Experts attribute the drop in sales to
changing customer habits.
The team suffered a heavy defeat at the
hands of their rivals.
He experienced a lot of stress at the
hands of a strict boss.
Many small businesses suffered at the
hands of unfair competitors.
Science can bring about major changes in
our lives.
The new policy brought about a lot of disagreement.
Hard work and determination will bring
about good results.
In the wake of the storm, many houses
were damaged.
Prices increased in the wake of the oil
crisis.
The school introduced new rules in the
wake of the incident.
In the light of new evidence, the case
was reopened.
We should change our plan in the light
of recent events.
In the light of your feedback, we will
improve the product.
I don't like coffee, or tea for that
matter.
He doesn't know the answer, and I don't
for that matter.
The movie was not funny, nor interesting
for that matter.
Given that it is raining, we should stay
home.
She did very well, given that she had no
experience.
Given that the test is tomorrow, you ought
to study now.
2.
Nhóm Nhấn mạnh, Mức độ & So sánh Đối lập
Dùng để làm nổi bật ý quan trọng,
tăng cấp độ diễn đạt hoặc đưa ra sự đối lập.
- above all:
Trên hết, quan trọng nhất
- all the more:
Càng... hơn nữa
- by no means:
Hoàn toàn không, không đời nào
- let alone
/ not to mention: Huống chi là / chưa kể đến
- as opposed to:
Trái ngược với, thay vì
- all but:
Hầu như, gần như
- little more than:
Không gì khác ngoài / chỉ là
- nothing like:
Không chút nào giống / không gì bằng
- the extent to which:
Mức độ mà...
- as such:
Mức độ như vậy / Đúng nghĩa như thế
Above all, you must stay safe.
She is smart, kind, and above all,
honest.
Above all, we need to protect our
environment for future generations.
The news made us all the more excited.
His explanation made the lesson all the
more clear.
Her success is all the more impressive
because she overcame many difficulties.
This test is by no means easy.
It is by no means certain that the rain
will stop.
We are by no means satisfied with the
current result.
He can barely walk, let alone run a
marathon.
I don't have time to read a book, let
alone write one.
We decided to study online, as opposed
to in a classroom.
The product is designed for children, as
opposed to adults.
He chose to walk to work, as opposed to
driving his car.
The party was all but over when we
arrived.
His victory is all but guaranteed.
The ancient castle was all but destroyed
in the war.
The old hut was little more than a pile
of wood.
His advice was little more than common
sense.
She regarded the rumor as little more
than a joke.
The real exam was nothing like the
practice test.
There is nothing like a hot drink on a
cold day.
Playing football in the rain is nothing
like playing indoors.
We were surprised by the extent to which
he succeeded.
The study shows the extent to which
technology changes our daily life.
She realized the extent to which her
parents supported her.
It is not a rule as such, but a good
suggestion.
She is a beginner, and as such, she
needs more practice.
There was no formal agreement as such,
but everyone agreed orally.
3.
Nhóm Quy định, Sự Phù hợp & Liên quan
Dùng khi liên hệ kiến thức, viện dẫn
quy định hoặc thảo luận về một chủ đề cụ thể.
- in accordance with sth / in line with sth: Đúng theo / phù hợp với quy
định, tiêu chuẩn
- consistent with sth:
Phù hợp / nhất quán với cái gì
- as to
/ with regard to sb / with respect to sth: Liên quan đến /
về mặt / đối với
- in respect of sth:
Về mặt / liên quan đến
- in connection with sb/sth: Liên quan đến / có kết nối với
- have nothing to do with sb: Không liên quan gì đến ai
- with the exception of sb: Ngoại trừ / trừ ai ra
Everything
was done in accordance with the rules.
The
new policy is in line with company goals.
We
built the house in accordance with the safety standards.
Your
actions should be consistent with your words.
The
test results are consistent with our expectations.
His
statement is not consistent with the evidence found.
The two products differ mainly in respect of
price.
You
will be paid a bonus in respect of your hard work.
The
country has made great progress in respect of education.
Police
want to speak to him in connection with the crime.
He
was arrested in connection with a bank robbery.
I
am writing in connection with your job application.
This
problem has nothing to do with you.
Her
decision has nothing to do with money.
I
have nothing to do with their disagreement.
Everyone passed the exam with the
exception of Tom.
The museum is open daily with the
exception of Mondays.
All shops were closed with the exception
of the bakery.
With regard to the new student, she is
making great progress.
I have a few questions with regard to
Mr. Smith's report.
The manager made a decision with regard
to the applicant's qualifications.
The two products are very similar with
respect to quality.
We need to make changes with respect to our
safety policy.
With respect to price, this phone is
much cheaper than the other one.
There is no doubt as to his
honesty.
She decision was unclear as to when the
meeting would start.
He gave us no information as to where he was going.
4.
Nhóm Đại diện, Tương tác & Sự Hiện diện của con người
Dùng trong giao tiếp, thảo luận về
vai trò của cá nhân/tổ chức hoặc tác động qua lại.
- She accepted the award on behalf of her team.
- On behalf of the company, I would like to welcome you all.
- He signed the contract on behalf of his client.
- It was a huge mistake on the part of the management.
- This success requires a lot of effort on the part of the students.
- There was no intention on the part of the speaker to offend anyone.
- The police worked in conjunction with local authorities to solve the case.
- Our department organized the event in conjunction with the marketing team.
- The doctor prescribed these pills to be taken in conjunction with a healthy diet.
- The agreement was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
- She felt nervous speaking in the presence of her supervisor.
- He apologized for his behavior in the presence of the entire class.
- In the absence of the manager, assistant will handle all decision-making.
- The meeting continued in the absence of the key speakers.
- They made several changes to the plan in the absence of the project lead.
- The future of the project is now in the hands of the new director.
- The patient knew he was in the hands of an experienced surgeon.
- The fate of the company rests in the hands of the shareholders.
- The government called on citizens to save energy during the summer.
- The teacher called on Sarah to answer the difficult question.
- The organization called on international communities to render aid.
- They sent emails back and forth for weeks before reaching an agreement.
- The children ran back and forth across the yard all afternoon.
- The debate went back and forth without a clear winner.
5. Nhóm Thời gian, Ngữ cảnh & Điều kiện
Dùng để định vị mốc thời gian, trình
tự sự việc hoặc tình huống giả định.
- She accepted the award on behalf of her team.
- On behalf of the company, I would like to welcome you all.
- He signed the contract on behalf of his client.
- It was a huge mistake on the part of the management.
- This success requires a lot of effort on the part of the students.
- There was no intention on the part of the speaker to offend anyone.
- The police worked in conjunction with local authorities to solve the case.
- Our department organized the event in conjunction with the marketing team.
- The doctor prescribed these pills to be taken in conjunction with a healthy diet.
- The agreement was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
- She felt nervous speaking in the presence of her supervisor.
- He apologized for his behavior in the presence of the entire class.
- In the absence of the manager, assistant will handle all decision-making.
- The meeting continued in the absence of the key speakers.
- They made several changes to the plan in the absence of the project lead.
- The future of the project is now in the hands of the new director.
- The patient knew he was in the hands of an experienced surgeon.
- The fate of the company rests in the hands of the shareholders.
- The government called on citizens to save energy during the summer.
- The teacher called on Sarah to answer the difficult question.
- The organization called on international communities to render aid.
- They sent emails back and forth for weeks before reaching an agreement.
- The children ran back and forth across the yard all afternoon.
- The debate went back and forth without a clear winner.
6.
Nhóm Mục đích, Đánh đổi & Nỗ lực
Dùng để thể hiện ý chí, quyết tâm,
sự hy sinh hoặc tiêu chí hành động.
- He built a successful business at the expense of his health.
- The company increased its short-term profits at the expense of long-term stability.
- She made a joke at the expense of her younger brother.
- The new policy was implemented for the benefit of all employees.
- Please stop arguing for the sake of the children.
- They decided to move to a quiet town for the sake of his recovery.
- She has dedicated her life to helping underprivileged children.
- This center is dedicated to researching renewable energy solutions.
- He remained completely dedicated to his artistic career despite many struggles.
- The new government seeks to lower unemployment rates this year.
- Scientists are seeking to understand the causes of this rare condition.
- The company seeks to expand its operations into foreign markets.
- Prices are set to rise again early next month.
- The team is all set to launch the new application tomorrow.
- She seems set to become the youngest partner in the firm's history.
- I am not in a position to give financial advice on this matter.
- After years of saving, they are finally in a position to buy a house.
- The board is now in a position to make a definitive choice.
- He structured the lesson in such a way that everyone could understand.
- The furniture was arranged in such a way that it maximized floor space.
- Please format the report in such a way that key takeaways stand out.
7.
Nhóm Báo cáo, Đánh giá & Khả năng
Cực kỳ phổ biến trong văn viết học
thuật (Academic Writing) để trích dẫn dữ liệu hoặc nhận định.
- be found to do sth:
Được phát hiện / chứng minh là làm gì
- be reported to be sth:
Được báo cáo / ghi nhận là cái gì
- be said to be sth:
Được cho là / nghe nói là cái gì
- be meant to do sth:
Được định sẵn / thiết kế để làm gì
- be entitled to sth:
Được quyền hưởng / có quyền làm gì
- may well:
Rất có thể
- in effect:
Trên thực tế / có hiệu lực
- in practice:
Trong thực tế áp dụng
- put it: Phát biểu / diễn đạt (ví dụ: as experts put it)
- The new drug was found to reduce symptoms significantly in clinical trials.
- Many employees were found to work more efficiently when working remotely.
- Regular exercise has been found to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
- The new software update is reported to be highly stable and secure.
- The company's annual revenue was reported to be higher than initial projections.
- This species of plant is reported to be extremely rare in the region.
- The historic castle is said to be haunted by ancient spirits.
- She is said to be one of the most influential economists of her generation.
- The local market is said to be the best place to sample traditional street food.
- This training program is meant to improve leadership skills among junior staff.
- The safety feature is meant to prevent automatic system failures.
- The novel was meant to challenge conventional perspectives on social structure.
- All full-time employees are entitled to paid annual leave.
- You are entitled to a full refund if the product is defective upon arrival.
- Senior citizens are entitled to discounted rates on public transportation.
- The upcoming election may well change the political landscape of the country.
- If interest rates drop, home sales may well increase in the fourth quarter.
- Her research findings may well revolutionize the way we approach marine conservation.
- The new policy is in effect starting today across all regional branches.
- Although he holds no formal title, he is in effect running the entire operations.
- The treaty will remain in effect until a permanent agreement is signed.
- The theory sounds great on paper, but it is difficult to implement in practice.
- In practice, the approval process usually takes longer than two weeks.
- Rules are clear, yet in practice, exceptions are often made for emergency situations.
- As the lead researcher put it, the breakthrough was a result of years of persistence.
- To put it simply, the project was cancelled due to a lack of funding.
- As one famous economist put it, market behavior is rarely entirely rational.
8.
Cụm Động từ (Phrasal Verbs) & Hành vi thường gặp
Các cụm động từ diễn tả hành động cụ
thể.
- bear sb in mind
/ have sb in mind: Ghi nhớ / cân nhắc chọn ai
- bring sth up:
Đề cập / nêu ra vấn đề gì
- follow sth up:
Theo dõi / tiếp tục thực hiện cái gì
- deprive sb of sth:
Tước đoạt / làm ai thiếu hụt cái gì
- dispose of sb/sth:
Loại bỏ / giải quyết cái gì
- get away with sth:
Thoát tội / không bị trùng phạt
- involvement in sth:
Sự tham gia / dính líu vào cái gì
- live on sth:
Sống dựa vào / ăn uống bằng cái gì
- up against sth:
Đối mặt với khó khăn / rào cản
- by means of sth:
Bằng phương thức / cách thức gì
- in full:
Đầy đủ / trọn vẹn
- Please bear me in mind if any new job vacancies open up.
- Who do you have in mind for the position of team leader?
- The manager promised to bear her in mind for the next promotion.
- She decided to bring up the budget issues during the staff meeting.
- Don't bring up his past mistakes if you want a peaceful discussion.
- He brought up an interesting point about market expansion.
- The police will follow up all potential leads in the investigation.
- I need to follow up on the email I sent to the client last week.
- The doctor asked her to return next month to follow up on her treatment.
- Working long shifts can deprive employees of adequate sleep.
- Unfair legal actions deprived the family of their legitimate property.
- The severe drought deprived local villagers of fresh drinking water.
- Please dispose of all hazardous waste in the designated containers.
- The team managed to dispose of their opponents easily in the first round.
- How do you intend to dispose of this outdated machinery?
- He thought he could get away with cheating on the exam, but he was caught.
- You shouldn't let him get away with being rude to the staff.
- The thief got away with stolen jewelry worth thousands of dollars.
- His active involvement in community service earned him an award.
- The suspect denied any involvement in the financial fraud.
- Parent involvement in school activities can boost student performance.
- It is very difficult to live on a minimum wage in a big city.
- Some reptiles can live on very little food for several months.
- During college, he practically lived on instant noodles and coffee.
- The small business is up against fierce competition from major brands.
- We are up against a tight deadline to complete this project.
- The team realized they were up against significant technical challenges.
- The heavy load was lifted by means of a powerful crane.
- They communicated with remote offices by means of video conferencing.
- The target was achieved by means of strategic planning and dedication.
- The loan must be repaid in full by the end of the year.
- Please read the terms and conditions in full before signing.
- The company agreed to cover all medical expenses in full.
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